- Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
- The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,
- The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
- While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
- But O heart! heart! heart!
- the bleeding drops of red,
- Where on the deck my Captain lies,
- Fallen cold and dead.
- Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
- Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,
- For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding,
- For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
- Here Captain! dear father!
- This arm beneath your head!
- It is some dream that on the deck,
- You’ve fallen cold and dead.
- My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
- My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
- The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
- From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
- Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
- But I with mournful tread,
- Walk the deck my Captain lies,
- Fallen cold and dead.
Introduction
Written by Walt Whitman in 1865, “O Captain! My Captain!” is an elegy that mourns the death of President Abraham Lincoln. The poem quickly won popularity due to the love of the public for the president. Also, several newspapers and magazines across the country published this poem simultaneously. Whitman has expressed his deep love and respect for the deceased president to show the collective grief felt by the American people in the aftermath of his assassination. Structured as an extended metaphor with the captain of a ship representing Lincoln, who led the country through the turbulent waters of the Civil War, Whitman has tried to pay tribute to the legend.
Annotations of “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
| Difficult Phrases and Verses | Annotations and Explanations |
| Verse 1: “Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done” | This phrase refers to the dangerous and difficult journey that the ship and its crew have been on. |
| Verse 2: “The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won” | This means that the ship has survived every hardship and obstacle, like storms or rough waters, that it has encountered during the trip. The ship has achieved its goal and succeeded in its mission. |
| Verse 3: “The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting” | The speaker can hear the bells ringing and the people cheering because they have arrived safely at their destination. |
| Verse 4: “While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring” | The ship is described as being both ominous and brave. |
| Verse 5: “But O heart! heart! heart!” | The repetition of “heart” emphasizes the speaker’s strong emotions in this moment. |
| Verse 6: “the bleeding drops of red” | This is a metaphor for blood, which suggests that someone has been injured or killed. |
| Verse 7: “Where on the deck my Captain lies, fallen cold and dead” | The Captain has died and is lying on the deck of the ship. |
| Verse 9: “Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells” | The speaker is urging the Captain to rise up and be honored because he has achieved victory and is worthy of recognition. |
| Verse 10: “Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills” | This is a call for the Captain to rise up and be recognized for his achievements. |
| Verse 11: “For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding” | These are symbols of honor and victory, often used to celebrate a great achievement or military victory. The speaker is emphasizing that the Captain is being celebrated by many people. |
| Verse 13: “Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head!” | The speaker is addressing the Captain and acting as if he is a father figure. |
| Verse 15: “It is some dream that on the deck, You’ve fallen cold and dead” | The speaker cannot believe that the Captain is really dead and wonders if it is just a nightmare. |
| Verse 17: “My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still” | The Captain is clearly dead and cannot respond to the speaker’s calls. |
| Verse 19: “The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done” | The ship has arrived at its destination and is safely anchored. The journey is over. |
| Verse 21: “Exult O shores, and ring O bells!” | The speaker is urging the people on shore to celebrate and rejoice in the victory of the ship and its crew. |
| Verse 23: “But I with mournful tread, walk the deck my Captain lies, fallen cold and dead” | The speaker is mourning the loss of the Captain and is walking on the deck where he lies, feeling sad and sorrowful. |
Literary Devices in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
| First Literary Device | Second Verse as Reference | Identification, Meanings, and Explanations |
| Anaphora | “For you” (lines, 11-12) and “My…” (lines 17-18) | The repetition of these phrases emphasize Whitman’s admiration for and emotional connection to the captain, Abraham Lincoln. |
| Assonance | “For you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills” (line 10) | The repetition of the /u/ sound creates a sense of unity and celebration, highlighting the importance of the captain to the speaker. |
| Consonance | “It is some dream that on the deck” (line 15) | The repetition of the /d/ and /l/ sounds creates a sense of finality and reinforces the mournful tone. |
| Hyperbole | “the people all exulting” (line 3) | The exaggeration of the people’s excitement creates a sense of joy and celebration. |
| Imagery | “the bleeding drops of red” (line 6) | The vivid imagery of blood emphasizes the captain’s sacrifice and the speaker’s emotional distress. |
| Metaphor | “the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring” (line 4) (Also see line 19) | The ship is compared to a person, emphasizing its steadfastness and courage. |
| Onomatopoeia | “the swaying mass, their eager faces turning” (line 12) | The use of “swaying” and “turning” creates a sense of movement, and the repetition of the /ing/ sound emphasizes the people’s excitement. |
| Oxymoron | “fearful trip” (line 1) | The pairing of “fearful” and “trip” creates a sense of unease and danger. |
| Personification | “the ship has weather’d every rack” (line 2) | The ship is given human qualities, emphasizing its resilience and ability to withstand challenges. |
| Repetition | “O heart! heart! heart!” (line 5) | The repetition of “heart” creates a sense of emotional intensity and emphasizes the speaker’s emotional distress. |
| Rhyme | “done” and “won” (line 2) | The use of rhyme creates a sense of completion and satisfaction, highlighting the successful completion of the journey. |
| Symbolism | “the flag” and “bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths” (line 10) | These objects symbolize the captain’s achievements and the respect and admiration he has earned. |
| Synecdoche | “My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still” (line 17) | The captain’s lips represent his entire body, emphasizing his lifelessness. |
| Tone | “Exult O shores, and ring O bells!” (line 21) | The tone is celebratory and joyful, emphasizing the successful completion of the journey and the admiration for the captain. |
| Verse | The entire poem | The poem is written in verse, with a consistent meter and rhythm, emphasizing the poem’s musicality and reinforcing the emotional impact of the words. |
Sound and Poetic Devices in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
| First Literary Device | Examples/References | Meanings and Functions |
| Alliteration | “the flag is lung” (line 10) | The repetition of the “f” sound creates a sense of turbulence after the flag comes down. |
| Assonance | “But O heart! heart! heart!” (line 5) | The repetition of the long “o” sound creates a sense of intense emotion and emphasizes the speaker’s grief. |
| Consonance | “For you they call, the swaying mass” (line 12) | The repetition of the “s” and “w” sounds creates a sense of excitement and movement, emphasizing the crowd’s eagerness to see and celebrate the captain. |
| End Rhyme | “done/won” (line 2) and “still/will” (line 18) | The rhyming words at the end of the lines create a sense of musicality and structure, giving the poem a more rhythmic quality. |
| Rhyme Scheme | AABCDEFE | The consistent rhyme scheme creates a sense of order and structure, emphasizing the poem’s formal qualities. |
| Diction | “exulting” (line 3) and “swaying” (line 12) | The specific word choices create a sense of joy and movement, emphasizing the celebratory atmosphere surrounding the captain’s arrival. |
| Verse Type | Free verse | The poem has no consistent meter, allowing the words to flow more freely and naturally, and emphasizing the emotional content. |
| Stanza Type | Quatrain | The poem is divided into four-line stanzas, giving the poem a more structured and organized feel as a long-verse quatrain is followed by a short-verse quatrain. |
| Poem Type | Elegy | The poem mourns the death of Abraham Lincoln, who is metaphorically referred to as the “captain,” and celebrates his accomplishments. |
| Diction | “fearful” (line 1) and “grim and daring” (line 4) | The specific word choices create a sense of danger and uncertainty, emphasizing the challenges the ship faced during its journey. |
| Tone | Mourning and Celebration | The poem expresses grief and mourning for the loss of the captain, while also celebrating his accomplishments and the arrival of the ship. |
Functions of Literary Devices in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
- Expressing Emotion and Tone: The literary devices used in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman, such as repetition, alliteration, and rhyme scheme, help to convey the poem’s emotional tone. The repetition of the phrase “O Captain! My Captain!” emphasizes the speaker’s deep respect and admiration for the captain, while the alliteration “the bleeding drops of red” creates a visceral image of the captain’s blood on the deck. The rhyme scheme, AABB, in the first quatrain, too, adds to the poem’s mournful tone and emphasizes the speaker’s sorrow over the captain’s death.
- Creating Imagery and Metaphors: Through literary devices such as metaphor, simile, and personification, “O Captain! My Captain!” shows Whitman using images that help to convey the poem’s meaning. For example, the phrase “the ship has weather’d every rack” uses personification to give the ship a sense of resilience and strength. The metaphor of the captain as a father figure also highlights the speaker’s emotional attachment to the captain and his sense of loss.
- Enhancing Rhythm and Musicality: The use of literary devices such as repetition, assonance, and consonance in “O Captain! My Captain!” helps the poet to create a pleasing rhythm and charming music in the poem. For example, the repetition of phrases such as “Captain! my Captain!” and “fallen cold and dead” creates a sense of emphasis and rhythm that enhances the poem’s impact. The assonance of /e/ in “bleeding drops of red” and the consonance of /g/ in “grim and daring” add to the poem’s musicality and contribute to its emotional impact.
- Creating Symbolism and Meaning: The literary devices used in “O Captain! My Captain!” also contribute to the poem’s symbolic meaning. For example, repetition of the phrase “O Captain! My Captain!” creates a powerful symbol of loyalty and respect. The use of metaphor to compare the captain to a father figure creates a sense of familial love and loss. The poem’s overall message of mourning for a fallen leader and the triumph of a victorious journey reflects the larger themes of American history and the struggle for democracy. And all this has been possible through the appropriate use of literary devices.
Themes in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
- Loss and Mourning: The poem “O Captain! My Captain!”captures the deep sense of loss and mourning experienced by the poet for his fallen captain, who happens to be the president Abraham Lincoln. It immediately starts when the poem opens. The image of bleeding heart in line 5 suggests intense emotional pain and grief of the poem. It is further reinforced with the use of the word “dead” in line 8 that highlights the finality of death and the poet’s acceptance of the captain’s untimely demise. The repeated use of the phrase “my Captain” in every stanza of the poem underscores the strong emotional attachment the poet has had with the president. Also, his idea of living captain in lines 15-16 and 23-24 further highlights the difficulty Whitman faces in reconciling with the death of the president. That is why it seems to have become an acute loss for him that he is constantly mourning.
- Victory and Triumph: Although “O Captain! My Captain!” centers not only on loss and mourning, it also touches other themes and celebrates victory and triumph. Whitman seems to have expressed satisfaction that Lincoln has left country in the same hands. That is why h shows the ship’s successful completion of the journey despite facing various obstacles it encounters as a symbol of victory and triumph. The use of the word “prize” in line 2 suggests that the journey was worth the effort, and the people’s exultation in line 3 underscores the sense of celebration and triumph. The waving of the flag and the playing of the bugle in line 10 symbolize victory and honor, while the wreaths and ribbons in line 11 represent the adoration and respect that the captain has earned.
- Leadership and Respect: The poem “O Captain! My Captain!” highlights the captain’s leadership and the respect he has earned from his crew and others. The use of the phrase “Captain! My Captain!” in the poem conveys a sense of closeness and reverence that the speaker has for the captain. The captain seems a “father” figure in lines 13-14, highlighting the care and guidance he has provided to those around him. The fact that the people on shore are calling out to the captain, adorning his ship with wreaths and flags underscores the respect and admiration that the captain has won from his people. It also highlights the leadership skills that captain has that even on the deathbed he has not forgotten to steer the ship of his country clear of obstacles.
Literary Theories and “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
- New Criticism: This literary theory focuses on the text and how its individual parts work together to create meaning. Regarding the poem, “O Captain! My Captain!”, New Criticism would analyze the use of repetition such as the repeated lines “Captain! My Captain!” throughout the poem show the speaker’s intense devotion to their fallen leader (verses 1, 9, and 17). The theory would also examine the use of imagery such as the description of the “bleeding drops of red” on the deck (verse 6), to emphasize the tragic loss of the captain. Other than these, it could focus on rhyme, anaphoric use of some phrases such as “For you…(lines 11-12) and metaphors and similes.
- Reader-Response Theory: This literary theory emphasizes the role of the reader in interpreting a text. With “O Captain! My Captain!”, a reader-response interpretation would focus on the emotional impact of the poem on the reader. The theory would consider how the reader’s own experiences and emotions shape their understanding of the poem’s themes, such as grief, loyalty, and sacrifice. However, interestingly, some readers may interpret this emotional outburst as jingoism or over-expression of patriotism of the poet.
- Historical Criticism: This literary theory considers the historical and cultural context in which a text was written. One way in which the poem reflects the historical context of its time is through its use of military imagery. The poem describes the captain as having “fallen cold and dead” (verse 2) and urges him to “rise up and hear the bells” (verse 9). These references to death and resurrection are reminiscent of the language of the Civil War, during which hundreds of thousands of soldiers lost their lives. The poem also uses military imagery to describe the captain’s leadership, referring to him as the “father” (verse 1) and “captain” (verses 1 and 3) of the ship. These references connect the poem to the patriotism and nationalism that characterized the post-Civil War era in the United States.
- Psychoanalytic Criticism: This literary theory analyzes the psychological motivations and desires of the characters in a literary work. “O Captain! My Captain!” shows a psychoanalytic interpretation through poet’s relationship with the captain, including the intense emotions of love and loss he expresses in the poem. His relationship could be interpreted by seeing it as a metaphor. For example, he refers him “my father” in line 1 and “my Captain” in line 3. This suggests that the captain represents a figure of authority and guidance in the poet’s life, much like a father figure. Psychoanalytic criticism would examine the speaker’s feelings towards this figure, and how they relate to the his experiences with their own father or father figure. The poem also expresses the speaker’s intense emotions of love and loss toward the captain.
Essay Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements about “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
- Topic: Abraham Lincoln’s Death in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
Question: How does Walt Whitman use the death of Abraham Lincoln as a symbol of national mourning in “O Captain! My Captain!”?
Thesis Statement: In “O Captain! My Captain!”, Walt Whitman utilizes the death of Abraham Lincoln as a metaphor for the nation’s mourning, highlighting the deep sense of loss and sorrow felt by the American people after the Civil War, and underscoring the importance of Lincoln’s leadership and sacrifice for the country.
- Topic: Loss and Grief in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
Question: How does Walt Whitman explore the themes of loss and grief in “O Captain! My Captain!”?
Thesis Statement: Through the use of powerful imagery and symbolism, Walt Whitman explores the themes of loss and grief in “O Captain! My Captain!”, depicting the deep emotional pain and sense of sorrow felt by those who have lost someone they admire and respect, and underscoring the importance of remembering those who have sacrificed for their country.
- Topic: Metaphors and Symbols in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
Question: How does Walt Whitman use metaphors and symbols to convey meaning in “O Captain! My Captain!”?
Thesis Statement: In “O Captain! My Captain!”, Walt Whitman employs a range of metaphors and symbols to convey a deeper meaning about the themes of loss, grief, and patriotism, demonstrating the power of figurative language to evoke emotion and create a sense of connection between the reader and the subject matter.
- Topic: Rhythm and Sound in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
Question: How does Walt Whitman use rhythm and sound to create a sense of emotional intensity in “O Captain! My Captain!”?
Thesis Statement: Through his use of carefully crafted rhythm and sound, Walt Whitman creates a sense of emotional intensity in “O Captain! My Captain!”, heightening the impact of the poem’s themes and symbolism, and showcasing the power of poetry to evoke deep emotion and connect with readers on a visceral level.
Short Questions-Answers about “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman
- What is the significance of the metaphorical language in “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman?
“O Captain! My Captain!” shows the use of metaphors, stressing upon the thematic strands of mourning and loss. For example, the ship is a metaphor for the nation, and the captain represents Abraham Lincoln, who was killed at that time. The “fearful trip” refers to the Civil War country witnessed at that time and the “prize we sought” was the preservation of the Union. The “bells” and “bugle trills” represent the nation’s joy at the end of the war, while the “bleeding drops of red” represent the bloodshed. This shows how metaphors in the poem highlight the pain and sacrifice the nation went through during the Civil War, and the loss the Americans felt when Lincoln departed from the scene.
- What is the mood of “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman?
The mood of “O Captain! My Captain!” is one of mourning and sadness. It shows that the ship has reached its destination and the war is over. Yet, there is a sense of loss because the captain has died. The repetition of the phrase “fallen cold and dead” reinforces this sense of finality and loss. However, there is also a sense of pride and respect for the captain as evidenced by the repeated plea to “rise up” and the tributes that are being made in his honor. This shows that the mood is not only of loss and pessimism but also of reassurance and optimism that at least the captain has done his duty before his departure.
- What is the significance of the repeated phrase “Captain! My Captain!” in the poem “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman?
The repetition of the phrase “Captain! My Captain!” emphasizes the speaker’s admiration and respect for the captain. It also reinforces the relationship between the captain and the speaker, which is one of loyalty and devotion. The repeated plea for the captain to “rise up” highlights the sense of loss and mourning that the speaker is experiencing, as well as the desire to pay tribute to the captain’s legacy. Overall, the repeated phrase serves as a powerful symbol of the speaker’s emotional connection to the captain and the deep sense of loss that is felt when he dies.
