September 2023 - Page 22 of 23

Writing Essay Outlines

Writing essay outlines is an essential step in the writing process. It helps you organize your thoughts and structure your ideas.

Steps for Writing Essay Outlines

Writing essay outlines is an essential step in the writing process. It helps you organize your thoughts, structure your ideas, and ensure a logical flow in your essay. Here is a step-by-step guide about writing outlines.

Step	Explanation
1. Understand the Assignment	– Initiate the process of writing outlines by thoroughly understanding the essay prompt or guidelines.
	– Identify the purpose, main topic, and specific requirements or instructions provided by your teacher or professor, keeping them in mind while writing essay outlines.
2. Brainstorm Ideas	– During the process of writing essay outlines, allocate time to brainstorm ideas that are relevant to the topic.
	– Record key points, arguments, or examples that come to mind while writing outlines.
	– This step is crucial for writing outlines as it helps gather your thoughts and ensure you have enough material to support your thesis statement.
3. Determine the Essay Structure	– Decide on the overall structure of your essay, adhering to the framework established in your writing essay outlines.
	– Adjust the structure based on the type of essay or specific requirements outlined in your writing essay outlines.
4. Develop a Thesis Statement	– Formulate a concise summary of your main argument or point as a central element in the writing outlines process.
	– Ensure that your thesis statement, positioned at the top of your outline, effectively guides the subsequent stages of essay writing outlines.
5. Organize Main Points	– Identify the primary arguments or key points that you’ve outlined while writing essay outlines to support your thesis.
	– These points will serve as the main sections in your essay, following the organization laid out in your writing essay outlines.
	– List them logically in an order that aligns with your writing essay outlines and topic.
6. Subdivide Main Points	– Under each main point, refer to your writing essay outlines and list supporting details, evidence, or examples.
	– These details become subheadings or sub-points in your outline, following the structure defined in your writing essay outlines.
7. Arrange the Order	– Organize the main points and sub-points logically to maintain the coherence outlined in your writing essay outlines.
	– Ensure that each point flows smoothly and connects coherently to the previous one, in line with your writing essay outlines.
8. Add Additional Sections	– If your essay requirements or writing essay outlines dictate additional sections, incorporate them into your outline.
	– Allocate dedicated space in your outline for the main ideas in these sections, in accordance with your writing essay outlines.
9. Review and Refine	– Review your outline while writing essay outlines to ensure it effectively captures your ideas and follows the structure you’ve outlined in your writing essay outlines.
	– Verify the coherence, relevance, and sufficiency of evidence to support your thesis, as per your writing outlines.
	– Make necessary revisions to improve the overall organization, adhering to the guidelines you’ve set in your writing outlines.

Main Points of Essay Outlines

The main points of an essay outline vary depending on the specific topic and the structure you choose. However, some common elements are included in most outlines. Here are the main points you should consider when creating an essay outline:

Section	Description
1. Introduction	– Hook or attention-grabbing opening sentence – Background information on the topic – Thesis statement or main argument
2. Body Paragraphs	– Each body paragraph focuses on a specific main point or argument supporting the thesis statement – Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence introducing the main idea – Provide supporting evidence, examples, or explanations – Use transitional words or phrases for smooth flow
3. Counterarguments	– Address opposing viewpoints or counterarguments – Refute or rebut these counterarguments with evidence or reasoning
4. Conclusion	– Summarize the main points from the body paragraphs – Restate the thesis statement differently – Provide a closing thought or final statement
5. Additional Sections	– Include if required based on the essay type or specific instructions – Clearly label and organize each additional section according to provided guidelines

It must be noted that the main points in your outline should be clear, concise, and directly related to your thesis statement. Each main point should be supported by evidence or examples, and the overall organization of your outline should ensure a logical flow of ideas.

Sample Essay Outlines

Here is a sample essay outline on the topic of populism, presented in a table format:

Outline Element	Definition and Example
Introduction	Hook: Start with an attention-grabbing statement about populism.
	Background: Provide a brief explanation of what populism is and its historical context.
	Thesis Statement: State your main argument or position on populism, such as “Populism arises as a response to socio-economic disparities and political disillusionment, appealing to the grievances and frustrations of the working class.”
Body Paragraph 1	Topic Sentence: Introduce the first main point supporting the thesis, e.g., “Economic inequality as a catalyst for populism.”
	Supporting Evidence: Provide statistical data or studies illustrating the growing wealth gap and its impact on social and political dynamics.
	Example: Discuss specific populist movements or leaders that have emerged due to economic inequality, such as the rise of populist parties in Europe or political figures championing wealth redistribution.
Body Paragraph 2	Topic Sentence: Introduce the second main point, e.g., “Political disillusionment and anti-establishment sentiments.”
	Supporting Evidence: Present examples or surveys showing public distrust in mainstream political institutions and dissatisfaction with traditional political elites.
	Example: Discuss how populist leaders often position themselves as outsiders challenging the existing political order, gaining support by tapping into public frustration with perceived corruption or ineffective governance.
Body Paragraph 3	Topic Sentence: Introduce the third main point, e.g., “Appeal to cultural identity and nationalism.”
	Supporting Evidence: Provide examples of populist rhetoric that emphasizes national identity, cultural heritage, or anti-immigration sentiments.
	Example: Analyze how populist movements capitalize on fears and anxieties surrounding globalization, cultural change, and the erosion of national identity, citing specific political campaigns or movements that have utilized this strategy.
Counterarguments	Address potential counterarguments to your thesis, e.g., “Critics argue that populism undermines democratic norms and exacerbates societal divisions.”
	Refutation: Provide counterarguments to the counterarguments, highlighting how populism can also serve as a corrective force, challenging established power structures and giving voice to marginalized groups.
Conclusion	Summary: Recap the main points discussed in the body paragraphs, highlighting the link between economic disparities, political disillusionment, and cultural appeals in the rise of populism.
	Restate Thesis: Concisely reiterate your thesis statement.
	Final Thought: Offer a thought-provoking statement or call to action regarding the implications of populism on contemporary politics and society.

Please note that this is just a sample outline, and you can modify or expand it according to your specific essay requirements and arguments.

Suggested Readings

Large, Char, and Ari Samson. The Clustering Approach to Better Essay Writing. Trillium Press, 1987.
Neumann, Jacob. A Professor’s Guide to Writing Essays: the no-nonsense Plan for Better Writing. Kindle Edition, 2016.

Closing Thought or Insight in the Conclusion

The closing thought or insight sentence or section in the conclusion of an essay is a final statement. It could be even before the final statement.

Introduction

The closing thought or insight sentence or section in the conclusion of an essay is a final statement. It could be even before the final statement. It aims to leave a lasting impression on the readers. It must have the following features.

Concise
Meaningful

Impactful
Significance
Relevant

Closure

Strategies for Writing Closing Thought or Insight in a Conclusion in an Essay

Reflect on the main ideas:
Summarize concisely

Make it memorable
Reinforce the thesis
Tie back to the introduction

Consider broader implications
Engage the reader
Maintain a confident tone

Examples of Closing Thought or Insight in a Conclusion in an Essay

Frankenstein serves as a cautionary tale, revealing the dark consequences of unchecked ambition and the ethical implications of playing god.
Keats’s Ode to Fancy demonstrates the transformative power of imagination and the profound impact of creative expression, inspiring us to seek beauty and meaning beyond reality.
Edgar Allan Poe’s haunting imagery taps into our deepest fears, reminding us of the enduring power of gothic literature to explore the complexities of the human condition.

Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind employs nature imagery as a metaphor for change and renewal, urging us to embrace nature’s transformative power and harness our potential for personal and societal transformation.
Frankenstein compels us to confront our fears, challenging the limits of scientific progress and reminding us of our moral responsibility as creators in the face of isolation, monstrosity, and the blurred lines between humanity and science.

Features of Closing Thought in Conclusion

Concise: The sentences in closing thought effectively convey their message in a succinct manner.

Meaningful: They carry significant meaning related to the respective topics.
Impactful: The sentences in closing thought have a strong impact on the reader, leaving a lasting impression.
Significance: They highlight the significance of the themes and ideas discussed.

Relevant: The sentences remain relevant to the broader context of the literary works or concepts.
Closure: Each sentence in closing thought provides closure to the ideas and arguments presented in the essay.

Induction: Creating and Critiquing

Induction, as a literary device, refers to the process of drawing generalized conclusions or making predictions based on specific examples, instances, or observations.

Introduction

Induction, as a literary device, refers to the process of drawing generalized conclusions or making predictions based on specific examples, instances, or observations. It involves using specific evidence to form a broader understanding or hypothesis about a particular theme, character, or situation within a literary work.

How to Create Induction

If you want to use induction as a literary device, here are some steps you can follow to create it:

Step	Explanation	Example
1. Introduction	– Provide context for your argument.	“In today’s society, the rising cost of healthcare is a pressing concern.”
	– Clearly state your thesis or main argument.	“This essay argues that implementing universal healthcare can alleviate this issue.”
2. Background Information	– Present relevant facts, data, or historical context.	“Healthcare spending in the United States has consistently outpaced inflation rates.”
	– Explain the problem or issue you are addressing.	“This has resulted in financial burdens for individuals and strained public resources.”
3. Identify a General Pattern	– Highlight a broader trend, principle, or commonality related to your topic.	“Research shows that countries with universal healthcare have lower overall healthcare costs.”
	– Use examples or evidence to support this general pattern.	“For instance, Canada and the UK spend significantly less per capita on healthcare than the US.”
4. Present Specific Instances	– Introduce specific cases, examples, or instances related to the general pattern.	“In Canada, healthcare is publicly funded, and citizens have access to essential services.”
	– Provide detailed information and evidence for each instance.	“Patients do not face bankruptcies due to medical bills, which is common in the US.”
5. Analyze Specific Instances	– Explain how each specific instance is related to the general pattern.	“This demonstrates that universal healthcare systems can reduce the financial burden on individuals.”
	– Discuss the implications and significance of these connections.	“It suggests that adopting such a system in the US could lead to improved financial stability for citizens.”
6. Draw Inductive Conclusions	– Summarize the patterns and relationships observed in the specific instances.	“Based on these examples, it is reasonable to conclude that universal healthcare may reduce healthcare costs.”
	– Formulate inductive conclusions or hypotheses based on these patterns.	“Thus, implementing a similar system in the US could lead to cost savings.”
7. Support with Additional Evidence	– Strengthen your induction by including more examples or evidence.	“Studies from other countries with universal healthcare, like Sweden and Australia, also show cost benefits.”
	– Show that the observed pattern holds true in a variety of cases.	“This strengthens the argument for adopting a universal healthcare system in the US.”
8. Address Counterarguments	– Acknowledge potential counterarguments or exceptions to your induction.	“Critics argue that implementing universal healthcare may lead to longer wait times for treatment.”
	– Refute or qualify these counterarguments if possible.	“While wait times can be a concern, they are not insurmountable and can be managed with proper planning.”
9. Summarize and Reiterate	– Recap the key points of your induction.	“In summary, universal healthcare has the potential to reduce healthcare costs and improve financial stability.”
	– Reiterate the main argument and its significance.	“This highlights the importance of exploring this approach in the United States.”
10. Conclusion	– Restate the thesis and the inductive conclusions.	“To address the growing healthcare cost crisis, the US should seriously consider adopting universal healthcare.”
	– End with a strong closing statement or call to action.	“It is an ethical and practical step toward a healthier and more financially secure society.”
11. References	– List all the sources you used for evidence and support in a proper citation format.	– Follow the MLA citation style guidelines for this section.

Remember that induction is a powerful tool for making persuasive arguments and drawing meaningful conclusions. With practice, you can learn to use induction effectively in your writing to engage and persuade your readers.

Benefits of Induction

Point	Explanation
1. Making persuasive arguments:	– Induction can be a powerful tool for making persuasive arguments. By presenting specific instances or examples that support your conclusion, you can create a compelling case that is more likely to persuade your readers.
2. Drawing meaningful conclusions:	– Induction can help you draw meaningful conclusions about complex topics or ideas. By examining specific instances or examples and identifying commonalities or patterns, you can draw broader conclusions that shed light on the topic you’re exploring.
3. Enhancing clarity and understanding:	– Induction can also help enhance clarity and understanding in your writing. By using concrete examples and evidence to support your arguments, you can make your writing more accessible and engaging for your readers.
4. Building credibility:	– Using induction can help you build credibility with your readers. It shows that you have carefully examined the evidence and drawn logical conclusions based on that evidence, establishing your authority and expertise on the topic you’re exploring.
5. Creating memorable writing:	– Finally, induction can help you create memorable writing that sticks with your readers. By using vivid examples and drawing compelling conclusions, you can create a lasting impression that resonates with your audience.

Induction and Literary Theory

Induction as a literary device can be used in conjunction with various literary theories to analyze and interpret literary texts. Here are some examples:

Literary Theory	Critique	Practical Example
Formalism:	– Formalist literary theory focuses on the form and structure of a literary text.	– Induction can be used to analyze the patterns and structures within a text, and to draw conclusions about its overall meaning and significance.
Reader-response theory:	– Reader-response theory emphasizes the role of the reader in interpreting a literary text.	– Induction can be used to help readers identify and analyze their own reactions to specific instances within a text, and to draw their own conclusions about the text’s meaning.
New Criticism:	– New Criticism emphasizes close reading and analysis of the text itself.	– Induction can be used to analyze the language, imagery, and other literary devices within a text, and to draw conclusions about its meaning and significance.
Feminist theory:	– Feminist literary theory focuses on issues of gender and power in literature.	– Induction can be used to identify instances within a text that reinforce or challenge gender norms, and to draw conclusions about the text’s underlying ideology.
Postcolonial theory:	– Postcolonial literary theory focuses on literature produced by writers from formerly colonized nations.	– Induction can be used to analyze instances within a text that reflect the effects of colonialism and imperialism, and to draw conclusions about the text’s relationship to colonial power dynamics.

Induction: A Literary Device

Induction is a literary device used to introduce a general idea or principle through specific examples. It involves using specific instances.

Etymology of Induction

The word “induction” comes from the Latin word induction. It means “a leading in.” In ancient Rome, the term was used to describe the initiation ceremony for new members of a group or society. With the passage of time, the term came to be used more broadly to describe any process of initiation or introduction into a new field of knowledge or practice.

Meanings of Induction

Field	Definition	Process/Method
Mathematics & Logic	Method of proof	Establishing general principles from specific cases
Science	Reasoning from specific observations	Deriving general principles or theories
Medicine	Artificial initiation/acceleration of labor	Applied to pregnant women
Philosophy	Method of reasoning	Moving from specific observations to generalizations, contrasted with deduction moving from general principles to specific conclusions

Definition of Induction

Induction is a literary device used to introduce a general idea or principle through specific examples. It involves using specific instances to draw a broader conclusion or generalization. Induction can be used in a variety of literary genres, including essays, speeches, and stories.

Types of Induction

Type	Explanation	Example
Complete Induction	All possible instances are examined, and a conclusion is drawn based on those instances.	If all observed planets in the solar system orbit the sun, we conclude that all planets in the solar system orbit the sun.
Incomplete Induction	Only some instances are examined, and a conclusion is drawn based on those instances. Also known as inductive reasoning.	All observed swans are white, so we conclude that all swans are white.
Analogy	Comparing similar things to draw conclusions about one of them.	Just as a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, so too can a seed transform into a plant.
Enumerative Induction	A general conclusion is drawn based on a series of specific instances.	The first five students I asked were all excited about the field trip, so most students are likely excited.
Statistical Induction	Drawing a conclusion about a population based on a sample from that population.	Based on a survey of 1000 people, we can conclude that 70% of the population prefers coffee over tea.
Causal Induction	Inferring cause-and-effect relationships based on observed correlations.	Whenever it rains, the streets get wet, indicating a causal relationship between rain and wet streets.
Abductive Induction	Drawing the best possible explanation for an observed phenomenon with limited evidence.	The car’s engine is making a strange noise; it’s likely due to a faulty belt based on the sound and context.

Common Examples of Induction

There are many examples of induction that can be found in literature, as well as in everyday life. Here are a few common examples:

All the apples from this orchard that I’ve eaten have been sweet, so I conclude that all the apples from this orchard are sweet.
The last three times I’ve gone to the movies, the theater has been crowded, so I expect the theater to be crowded when I go this weekend.
Every dog I’ve ever met has barked at strangers, so I assume that this dog will also bark at me.

In a murder mystery, the detective might examine all the clues and piece together the evidence to arrive at the killer’s identity.
A scientist might study a small sample of a population to make generalizations about the whole population.

Literary Examples of Induction

Complete Example	Explanation as Induction
Example 1: In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet uses induction to conclude a conclusion about Mr. Darcy’s true nature based on his actions: “But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out. Perhaps he must be inattentive to her, or she must be ill-natured; who knows?” (Chapter 6).	Explanation 1: In this example, Elizabeth employs induction to argue that a man interested in a woman will try to discover her feelings. She uses Mr. Darcy’s inattentiveness towards her as evidence that he is not interested in her and draws the conclusion that he is a proud and disagreeable man.
Example 2: In George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, the pigs use induction to justify their leadership and actions to the other animals: “Comrades, you do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us dislike milk and apples. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig.” (Chapter 3).	Explanation 2: In this example, the pigs use induction to argue that their leadership and actions are in the best interests of all the animals on the farm. They use the specific instances of the nutritional benefits of milk and apples for pigs to draw the broader conclusion that their consumption is necessary for the well-being of all animals.
Example 3: In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway uses induction to draw a conclusion about Jay Gatsby’s past based on his actions and possessions: “He smiled understandingly — much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced — or seemed to face — the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself, and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey.” (Chapter 3).	Explanation 3: In this example, Nick uses induction to argue that Gatsby is a man of great wealth and social status based on his possessions and behavior. He uses Gatsby’s rare smile and the way he seems to understand and believe in people to draw the broader conclusion that he is a man of great influence and importance.
Example 4: In Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch uses induction to conclude the true nature of Boo Radley based on his actions: “Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave…” (Chapter 24).	Explanation 4: In this example, Atticus uses induction by citing Boo Radley’s actions, such as providing gifts and assistance, to suggest that Boo is a kind neighbor despite his reclusive nature.

Double Entendre: Creating and Critiquing

A double entendre is a literary device where a phrase or word has two distinct meanings, often one being suggestive, risqué, or humorous.

Introduction

A double entendre is a literary device where a phrase or word has two distinct meanings, often one being suggestive, risqué, or humorous, while the other is more literal or innocent. It adds depth and complexity to the text by allowing readers to interpret it in multiple ways, often leading to humor or irony. Double entendres are commonly used in poetry, drama, and witty wordplay to engage the audience’s imagination and create layers of meaning.

How to Create Double Entendres

Step	Explanation	Example
Step 1	Wordplay with Homophones:	Utilize words that sound the same but have different meanings, like “bare” and “bear,” in your headings to set up a double entendre.
Step 2	Use Ambiguous Phrases:	Craft headings that have multiple interpretations, where one is straightforward, and the other is more suggestive or humorous.
Step 3	Employ Puns:	Incorporate puns or wordplay that create a humorous or unexpected twist in your headings. For example, “Time to ‘wine’ down.”
Step 4	Play with Idioms:	Modify common idiomatic expressions in your headings to give them a new, potentially amusing meaning. For instance, “Stepping Up the ‘Ladder’ of Success.”
Step 5	Incorporate Symbolism:	Use symbols or metaphors that can be interpreted in more than one way, allowing readers to see a deeper meaning in your headings.
Step 6	Layered Meanings:	Build headings with multiple layers of meaning, where the initial message is straightforward, but a second, more nuanced message becomes apparent upon closer inspection.
Step 7	Subtle Innuendo:	Insert subtle innuendos or suggestive language into your headings, creating a playful tone.
Step 8	Irony and Contradiction:	Employ irony or contradiction in your headings to make readers pause and consider the different meanings within the context.
Step 9	Cultural References:	Draw on cultural references, such as famous quotes or phrases from movies, and tweak them to fit your content in an unexpected way.
Step 10	Experiment and Revise:	Don’t be afraid to experiment with different wording and arrangements to find the most effective double entendre for your specific context.

Benefits of Double Entendres

Captures Attention: Bold, clever headings with double meanings immediately grab the reader’s attention, making them more likely to engage with the content.
Enhances Engagement: Double entendre adds an element of surprise and intrigue, encouraging readers to delve deeper into the material to uncover hidden meanings.

Conveys Depth: It allows you to convey multiple layers of meaning, making your content richer and more thought-provoking.
Entertains and Amuses: Double entendres often bring humor and amusement to your content, making it more enjoyable to read.
Memorability: Memorable content is often associated with clever wordplay, increasing the likelihood that readers will remember and share your content.

Encourages Critical Thinking: Readers may need to think critically to fully grasp the dual meanings, engaging their intellect and making the content more thought-provoking.
Subtly Conveys Nuance: It can be an effective way to subtly convey nuanced or sensitive topics without being overly explicit.
Differentiates Content: Using double entendre can set your content apart from others, making it more unique and memorable.

Elevates Creativity: Encourages creativity in content creation, allowing writers to think outside the box and find innovative ways to convey messages.
Aligns with Branding: If it fits your brand’s personality, incorporating double entendre in headings can establish a unique and consistent brand voice.
Creates a Playful Tone: Depending on the context, double entendre can add a playful and light-hearted tone to your content.

Invites Interpretation: It invites readers to interpret and engage with your content actively, fostering a sense of involvement and curiosity.

Double Entendre and Literary Theory

Double entendre is a literary device that can be examined through various literary theories. Here are some examples of literary theories and how they can be applied to the analysis of double entendre:

Literary Theory	Critique of Double Entendre	Example
Feminist Theory	Feminist theorists might analyze how double entendre can be used to subvert patriarchal language and expose the oppressive nature of language.	A double entendre that plays on gender stereotypes could be analyzed through a feminist lens to explore how the device reinforces or challenges gender norms.
Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychoanalytic theorists might analyze how double entendre can be used to reveal unconscious desires and anxieties.	A double entendre that plays on sexual imagery could be analyzed through a psychoanalytic lens to explore the hidden desires and fears of the characters involved.
Postcolonial Theory	Postcolonial theorists might analyze how double entendre can be used to subvert dominant power structures.	A double entendre that plays on colonial language could be analyzed through a postcolonial lens to explore how the device challenges or reinforces colonial narratives.
Marxist Theory	Marxist theorists might critique how double entendres perpetuate or challenge class hierarchies and economic disparities.	A double entendre that involves references to wealth or social status could be analyzed through a Marxist lens to examine its implications for class struggle.
Reader-Response Theory	Reader-response theorists might explore how double entendres engages readers’ active interpretation and participation.	A double entendre that leaves room for multiple interpretations could be analyzed through a reader-response lens to investigate how readers’ perspectives shape the meaning.
Structuralist Theory	Structuralist theorists might focus on the formal structures and patterns of double entendres in literature.	A double entendre that follows a specific linguistic or narrative pattern could be analyzed through a structuralist lens to study its structural significance.

Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

Kate Chopin has been interpreted in several ways including identity in “The Story of an Hour” wuth reference to her views about and on women.

Introduction to Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

Kate Chopin has been interpreted in several ways including the theme of “The Story of an Hour”, her representative short story. Having been raised as a girl with access to education better than other girls of her time, Kate Chopin wrote extensively about female oppression in a society where the domestic field was simply the domain of a woman, specifically a married woman, while the external world was the domain of men. However, her views were a bit broader than this simple social convention, for she not only was a deep observer of the female characters from her own family but also around her in society, when Puritanism was having a full hold on every aspect of life. The major conflict she highlighted about identity in “The Story of an Hour” and other short fiction is about “women torn between duty and desire” (Toth 1990) with underpinnings of identity recognition as compared to patriarchal domination. However, with it is the oppression of marriage and subsequent liberation that gives further power to a mother at home after the death of the male head of the family that Louise demonstrates in the story. There also is no indication in the story about Louise whether she is a mother or not. Papke notes in the introduction of her paper that there was the propagation of this concept that women are “lesser beings” dependent on men in every way and this concept has been institutionalized through social norms and conventions in marriage (Papke 1990). The sacred institution of marriage, as Kate Chopin, shows became a reason for the oppression, or at least women with intellectual capability used to think it so as does Louise when she sees the possibility of freedom from this bondage. This situation put women as subordinate to men, which sometimes seems a sort of permanent incarceration. Therefore, identity in “The Story of an Hour” is not only a theme within a patriarchal society but also the story highlights the oppression of marriage and the desire for liberation on the part of women. However, with it is also interlined the assertion of the female identity.

Feminism and Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

In the age torn between approach French intellectual inquiry and Puritan thoughts, Kate Chopin stood upright for feminism, when a woman was judged on the basis of four virtues, “piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity” (Barbara 373). These qualities were used to outline her role as a wife, mother, sister, or daughter. And no other role was acceptable from the view of those social norms as well as religious beliefs. However, within those social restrictions, Kate Chopin was able to assert her feminine individuality but was also able to reach out for power and happiness. This is the first sign of identity in “The Story of an Hour”. The patriarchal society carved a niche for the women through cautious interpretation of the religious as well social concepts that she could have best conformed had she stayed limited to her role at home. There are ample evidences in “The Story of an Hour” regarding patriarchal dominance and the assertion of feminism. It is only a woman, who can understand the predicament of another woman whose husband has just passed away in an accident and none could better announce it other than a real sister. Yet, in this situation, a male member is required. When Josephine tells her sister the news of the death of Brently, “Her Husband’s friend Richard was there, too, near her” (Chopin) so that he could take care of her. However, the “wild abandonment” (Chopin) with which she hears the news and calms down after a sudden drift of cries, shows that she was seeing something in the future where she would not have the dominance of a male at home. At least, she has an opportunity to assert her identity without the domination of her husband “She could see in the open square” (Chopin) the identity coming to her as “something” (Chopin). Although this thought of “Free, Body and soul free” (Chopin) clearly points to her thinking about her identity coming out through the male domination, yet as a submissive woman, with the habit of accepting the dominance of Brently, she “had loved him” (Chopin). This oscillation starts creating a sort of conflict in her mind between her freedom of having a full feminine identity and power and as a domestic lady. This conflict continued until it reached its peak at the end where she was at the pinnacle of “joy” (Chopin) which ultimately led to her death.

Identity in “The Story of an Hour” and Kate Chopin

The biographical sketch painted by Emily Toth in her book about Kate Chopin states that this story could be read as an illustration of her mother’s marriage. This means she has a firsthand experience of marriage and oppression that leads a woman into depression and anxiety. It also means loss of identity as she points identity in “The Story of an Hour”. Kate Chopin witnessed the submission of her own mother to the will of her father, which led to her rebellion or at least expression of rebellion against this institution. It could be that she considered this as “an institution that traps women” (Toth 10). There are ample similarities in the names she uses in “The Story of an Hour.” It is also that the setting she created also led to criticism that it is similar to the marriage she witnessed at her own home. Although certain facts differ in the story and the real life of her mother, it is stated by her biographer Toth that she had “to disguise reality” (Toth 16) which she ultimately exposed in this story. Louise, when realizes that she is now free from the bond of marriage and oppression, sees a good opportunity as “her fancy was running riot” (Chopin). It is because she sees that there is a full life ahead with a lot of opportunities. She takes stock of her life with her husband and following her death it seems that she is ultimately free. The actual voice of her soul comes out in the shape of the silent words of “free, free, free” (Chopin) which clearly demonstrates that Louise feels marriage an oppression and the death of her husband a liberation from this oppression. This could also be interpreted that she wants to shed off responsibilities the traditions, beliefs, and social customs have tied to women as Barbara has described in her essay. This assertion is actually toward breaking this bond of marriage where only the male has full authority and women are considered or given a secondary role to keep a hold on domestic duties. In fact, the last line which tells that the doctor came is the epitome of Chopin’s thinking about this liberation. It has connotative meanings in that it could be understood as the “joy” of the freedom she won after the death of her husband, and it could be that the doctor was wrong. After all, he was also a male doctor, having full authority to announce his diagnosis. Whatever the cause is, the reality of liberty that she wants from her marriage ends with her death; an indication that this was institutionalized in marriage so strongly that it was not easy to break it open.

Mrs Mallard and Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

In his study about identity in “The Story of an Hour” Berkove states that there is a profound irony in the story, adding that Mrs. Mallard is not considered a heroin but “a victim of her own self-assertion” (Berkov 152). To some extent, it seems true. Her argument seems valid in that he has explored the story from the standpoint of psychological criticism. His argument is that she might have double issues of the heart – for she is suffering “emotionally as well as physically” (Berkov156). And this seems true, too. It is because she could not have recovered from the shock of the death of Mr. Brently, which could have easily killed any other woman of that era. The reason is that “great care was taken to break her as gently as possible the news” (Chopin), which points to the fact that she was suffering from both sorts of sicknesses. The psychologically valid point also finds some evidences within the text where it proves that she was suffering from a psychological problem of self-assertion or identity that she could not think clearly. Chopin has very indistinctly shown her heroin when her thinking is clouded, as she is just in the initial stages of her delusion that her identity is going to be recognized so she can assert herself as an independent and free woman. However, it requires another debate, except for a few references, there is no clear indication that she was a psychological patient. She was good and knew that her husband loved her. However, had she not been disillusioned before that. It is clear that this an hour between the death of Mr. Brently, and her own death. Her thinking journey just takes an hour, and reaches its peak from where it proved fatal for her to come down. However, the major point is that her depiction of this self-assertion is highly subtle as it is wrapped in an innocent desire for freedom and self-hood.

Conclusion: Feminine Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

Concluding the discussion, it is fair to state that Kate Chopin has taken cues from the institution of marriage, the status of women, and the assertion of identity against that male-dominated society to present her views in the stories, specifically in “The Story of an Hour.” The spread of the French idea of intellectual development led to a change in her thinking about the traditional concept of marriage and the roles of women. She has presented the woman going or at least desiring to go against the male-dominated society of that time in the role of Louise. It is also that the character of Louise and her muffled thinking and comments about her freedom highlights the oppression that a woman has to undergo during her married life and the possibility of freedom that she could think about. Psychologically, she has also tried to explore the very idea of female identity and self-assertion in a society where only four areas were given to women with the argument that she could have power and authority but to get within these limits. However, it is another point that her all desires dashed to the ground. The last sentence of the story is an evidence that she must have been harboring this idea since long though it was only an hour that she reached the pinnacle of her joy of having freedom ahead in the future. Leaving aside the outcome of the debate, it is quite certain from her biography and other stories, too, demonstrate that she was the torchbearer of the freedom of women, authority of the women and identity recognition in that setup of social norms, and also that she has asserted those without appearing defiant in this story.

Works Cited

Berkove, Lawrence I. “Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour.” American Literary Realism 32, no. 2 (winter 2000): 152-58.

Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour.” VCU. n.d. Web. Accessed 21 July 2014.
Hicks, Victoria. “Patriarchal Representation and Domestic Liberation: The Home in Kate Chopin’s Short Fiction.” 2009. UNCA. Web. Accessed 21 July 2014.
Papke, Mary E. “Verging on the Abyss: The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton.” New York: Greenwood P, 1990.

Toth, Emily. Kate Chopin. New York: Morrow, 1990.
Welter, Barbara. ”The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” The American Family in the Social Historical Perspective. Ed. Michael Gordon. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1978. 372-92.

Relevant Questions about Identity in “The Story of an Hour”

How does the character of Louise Mallard’s evolving feminine identity in “The Story of an Hour” reflect the societal expectations and constraints placed on women in the late 19th century?
In “The Story of an Hour,” how does the revelation of Louise Mallard’s true feelings challenge conventional notions of feminine identity, particularly in the context of marriage and societal roles?
Can you analyze the symbolism of the open window in “The Story of an Hour” and its connection to Louise Mallard’s exploration of her own feminine identity and newfound sense of freedom?

Transformation in “The Metamorphosis” by Kafka

Family is a microcosm experiencing transformation in “The Metamorphosis” representing different characters who witness a strange phenomenon and demonstrate reactions.

Introduction to Transformation in “The Metamorphosis”

Family is a microcosm experiencing transformation in “The Metamorphosis” representing different characters who witness a strange phenomenon and demonstrate reactions, ranging from initial love and care to extreme anger, and violence and then ostracizing the transformed individual. The major character Gregor sees himself transformed into an abominable vermin. This triggers further transformation in “The Metamorphosis” on minor scales, but these are the other transformations that take up more space than Gregor himself. Although the transformation in “The Metamorphosis”of Gregor is on a physical level, almost all other transformations are on a psychological and mental level. A person completely changes his character to suit the changing circumstances. Even sometimes, some reactions seem absurd, leading the readers to feel empathy with Gregor and wonder at the reactions of the same family members who, a month ago, used to consider him a pivot in the family. Therefore, this is not just a transformation of an individual but it is the transformation of the whole family. The story “The Metamorphosis” by Kafka presents this transformation of Mr. Gregor from a breadwinner to an abominable vermin, a burden on the family, innocent, childish, and perceptive Grete to an assertive head of the family, old Mr. Samsa to a violent old man, and a caring mother to a dependent and acquiesced, old woman, who consents to every proposal suggested for the supposed welfare of the family.

Gregor’s Transformation in “The Metamorphosis”

Gregor Samsa is a very responsible family member and a traveling salesman, living with his family in an apartment. The whole family depends on him but a sudden physical transformation of his body into a bug turns his whole plans upside down. His only reaction was “What happened to me?” (Kafka 318). His transformation into a vermin entails his whole physical transformation, his belly, his head, his legs, and even his sense of smell, but his thinking is the same. He still thinks about his hard work saying, “The next train left at seven” (319) but he also knows that he is unable to get up due to his transformed shape. His responsibility seems to dominate his thoughts more than his physical change. He has the same humanity that he used to harbor for his family members “If I did not have curb on my tongue because of my parents” (318) he would have left that job a long time ago. Even though he knows his problem, he does not think to fix it first but only thinks about his job, his position, and the condition of his parents in which they would find themselves after he is unable to work. He still thinks that his sister is more “perceptive” (320) and that only she has understood his condition even before opening the door. When they decide to remove furniture from his room, although he seems to feel comfortable in open movements, he still does not want to change his human habits but still prides himself on providing “his parents and his sister with such a life in a nice apartment” (328). Despite a highly critical situation, he maintains his calm and composure only to “help his family bear the burdens that his present condition had placed on them” (328). He knows that his family members are transforming and their attitude is quite telling in this connection. But he also knows that “they were surely suffering enough as it was” (329) only because of his transformation in “Metamorphosis”. However, he is surprised but this gradual transformation of his family members that even Grete, the most considerate one, says to her mother “I refuse to utter my brother”s name in the presence of this monster” (343). Yet, he stays the same and “recall[s] his family with deep emotion and love” (345) which shows his mental stability and love for the family until his death.

Physical Transformation in “Metamorphosis”

As far as Grete is concerned, she does not witness any transformation in “The Metamorphosis” on the physical level, but inwardly she changes a lot. She was highly “perceptive” (319) as Gregor says. Then she takes care of his food, his room, and the financial situation of the whole house. She takes up the responsibility of the entire family, shows sympathy with every other member, and starts earning. However, her inward transformation starts when she starts earning and it occurs to her that Gregor has become a burden to them. She has realized that he is creating problems for them and this transformation forces her to concoct some excuse to get rid of him. She says, “Dear parents, we cannot go on like this. Maybe you do not realize but I do. I refuse to utter my brother”s name in the presence of this monster” (343) which is a clear indication that now she is paving the way either to expel him or to kill. This excuse reaches the pinnacles when she finally declares that “I can”t stand it anymore either” (343). In fact, she has some finer prospects that could not have been fulfilled without this transformation. This was inevitable as she was to “find a good husband” (347).

Family Transformation in “The Metamorphosis”

The role of Mr. Samsa is, however, almost the same. Although he used to pay homage to Gregor in the beginning when he was not an insect, he changed into a violent person. He used to be a businessman but unfortunately faced severe losses and came under the debt of the company, Gregor is working for now. It seems that they are not on good terms with each other from the very start, but when Gregor transforms into an insect, “he began stamping his feet and waving cane” (326) to show his disgust and even “gave him a hard blow that was truly a deliverance” (328). When for the second time he had had a chance to look at him, he threw an apple and one of them hit “Gregor”s back” (338) which proved deadly and led him to suffer for several days. In fact, as everything was being done by Gregor, “they had gratefully accepted the money and he had given it gladly but no special warmth went with it” (330) and when he turned into an insect, he was tolerated for a few days, but then again there is no warmth. Therefore, his father turns against him.

Conclusion

In short, it is not the metamorphosis of Gregor alone, but it is the transformation in “The Metamorphosis” of his entire family except his mother who accepts fate. It is because she is dependent on others for everything. When she sees him, she is horrified and when she is told that the insect is not Gregor, she accepts it resignedly. Actually, it is the finances that work and Grete takes lead in this connection. When she becomes a responsible member of the family and everything falls on her shoulders, she thinks that if she is carrying on with it she will no longer have good prospects. Therefore, she makes up her mind to get rid of him by showing the reality to other family members and when all agree, her mental transformation is complete. It is another thing that Gregor still feels the same emotions and the same love for the family but he has lost his utility which is the impetus for utility.

Works Cited

Kafka, Franz. “The Metamorphosis.” An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. Kennedy X. J. & Dana Gioia. 3rd ed. Vol. 10. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 318-343. Print.

Relevant Questions about Transformation in “The Metamorphosis”

How does Gregor’s physical transformation in “The Metamorphosis” affect his relationships with his family members?
What are the psychological and emotional transformations experienced by Gregor and his family throughout the story, and how do they contribute to the overall narrative?
In “The Metamorphosis,” how does Gregor’s metamorphosis symbolize broader themes of alienation and isolation in society?

Magical Realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”

Gabriel Garcia Marquez has beautifully women his stories and novels showing magical realism that is unbelievably believable such as magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”.

Introduction to Magical Realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”

Gabriel Garcia Marquez presented fantasy world in his stories that is unbelievably believable such as magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”. One of them involves an old man having enormous wings. Both stories seem to have events taken out of ordinary life but amalgamated with inexplicable and minute details not found in ordinary life. Just, for example, there is no such thing as a flying man nor is there such a huge person as Esteban, named by the villagers. However, such creatures have been thrown in the midst of the public just to evaluate the reaction of the general populace and see how this reaction destroys or improves their lives.

Handsomeness and Magical Realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”

In the story “The Handsomest Man in the World”, a huge dead body appears on the shore where the children first see and gather around it. It becomes known later when the people take him to the village that not only he is extraordinarily huge, but also that there is nothing to place him such as a bad or anything else. Therefore, the villagers think that “maybe the ability to keep on growing after death was part of the nature of certain drowned men” which is not based on reality (Marquez 253). It is because there is no scientific reason behind this proposition. This amalgamation of unexpected, mysterious, and unbelievable phenomena into ordinary realities is one of the major features of magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…” propagated by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

Credulity and Magical Realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…”

In fact, this story has a very strong and almost believable story but still has some magical qualities showing magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…” that start emerging from the narrative throughout until the story ends on a happy note. This story, like all other pieces demonstrating magical realism, has a very strong narrative to tell. The start starts with how the children find the dead body and discover that it is a huge one. However, when the women enter the scene, even the men change their thinking about the dead body. Not only does the dead man win proper respect but also “the most splendid funeral they could conceive for an abandoned drowned man” (253-254). Although described in mythical details, every act from the purchase of flowers by the women to spreading the news to nearby villages is done accordingly. The people are engaged in other activities such as reverence shown to the strange dead body and arrangement for the final departing scene.

Conclusion

The audience and readers know that he is only a dead man and it has almost never happened. However, Garica has taken him to a mythical proportion that the natives have never imagined. His one feature leads to another and then his image starts blowing out of proportion to a mythical level where he has really become a “larger than life figure” (253-254). Although this is not all, there are several elements that resemble folk tales and dreams. After combined with the realities of life and everyday activities, they form the mainstay of magical realism as shown in this story. The village becomes a desolate place when they send him on his final journey but then he becomes a part of their life as it becomes “Esteban’s village.” This is the magic of magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…” that Marqust has presented in a different style.

Works Cited

Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. “The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World.” Collected Stories (1984): 253-254.

Relevant Questions Magical Realism in “The Handsomest Drowned…” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

How does Gabriel Garcia Marquez employ magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,” and what effects does this narrative technique have on the story’s themes and message?
In “The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,” how does the use of magical realism enhance the reader’s understanding of the villagers’ reactions to the drowned man’s arrival and transformation, and how does it shape the story’s overall meaning?
What are some key examples of magical realism in “The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,” and how do these instances blur the line between reality and fantasy while highlighting the story’s underlying commentary on human nature and community?

“The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”

Stories “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” Edgar Allen Poe show the use of sound and hearing and their impact on human beings.

Introduction to Sound and Hearing in “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”

Stories “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” Edgar Allen Poe show the use of sound and hearing and their impact on human beings. In fact, the use of sounds is pivotal and crucial in writing, as one cannot directly show these sounds. They are rather used in corresponding vocabulary items, or through stylistic devices such as repetition which Poe has also used in both these stories. In most cases, such use is found in poems. However, Edgar Allen Poe has brought these sounds into his short stories and succeeded in creating fear and horror in his works. He exploits hearing sense to cast a spell on his readers by creating sounds that give a touch of reality to the story as well as the plot. The sounds and hearing sense have many things in common. A man is likely to hear the sounds, which he can himself create. It is also a fact that sometimes one sense is more powerful than the other. The same is the case with the teller of the story in, “The Tell-Tale Heart” (Poe, p. 761). However, the role of these senses is very important in developing a black and benighted mysterious environment in the background. The sounds in, “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” demonstrate an unnerving atmosphere created by these sounds as well as make the atmosphere mysteriously horrible, conveying complicated psychological issues and resultant crime.

Religion and “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”

Before writing stories, Edgar Allen Poe had already preoccupied himself with the notion that religion could no more develop terror in the hearts of the public. The people also wished to see something concrete, which could be felt like something in real life – which means an unnerving and fearful atmosphere around them. Professor Calanchi (2015), a researcher from Italy writes in his research work entitled “ Searching For Sounds in U.S. Literature: A Multisensorial, Multidisciplinary Project” that the daily speeches and sermons of the clergy were no more effective in creating terror. He says that Poe’s characters have Christian backgrounds, but at the same time, they seem to have some psychological disorders. They seem ready to kill their friends and fellows, but they also talk about God. It is evident when Montresor replies to Fortunato, as he mentions, “For the love of God” and he also responds to him in the same vein (p. 768). Calanchi goes on to explain that Edgar Allen Poe intends to make the readers go into a sort of shock to create a fearful atmosphere. It is because according to Calanchi, religion has lost its significance in this background and that sounds are only used to create some sort of “uncanny atmosphere” (p. 5). Given the existing “uncanny atmosphere”, the horror overcomes the audiences and the readers alike (p. 5). Though these sounds do not seem to have any allegorical significance, he could not find out and mention the psychological underpinnings, as these sounds create rather an eerie atmosphere in which the readers are lost, feeling horror and terror of the crime committed thereof and it is the same in both stories “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”.

Role of Sounds in “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”

While talking about the mysteriousness of any event or story, the role of sounds cannot be undermined. It is obvious these days that the majority of terror and horror films are shaped by creating an amalgamation of terror sounds. These sounds fill the audience with terror as in the movie, The Exorcist, given in the afterthought. It also is evident in Edgar Allen’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” where the sense of hearing of the narrator, in the case of first story, becomes acute that he feels as if he is hearing various sounds and voices. The narrator of the story admits that the ailment he had, has “sharpened my senses” (Poe, p. 762). It indicates his psychological disease, which has developed hallucinations, related to the sounds and these sounds create a type of mysterious situation in his mind. John E. Reilly (1969) in his paper “The Lesser Death-Watch and ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’“ declares that the source of the sound that the narrator hears is mysterious as it is not clear. In his opinion, the sound of tick-tick has eliminated the spiritual power found in his personality, creating a sort of mystery. The fact is that both the killer and the killed have the same mental conditions. He opines that such type of hearing points to “a function of the narrator’s frame of mind …[giving] rise to hyperacusis” and the ability of the brain (Reilly, 1969). Despite this, there are dark and cryptic niches in the minds, which adopt more complex shapes that the audiences are wonderstruck when they leave and this is the direction where mystery takes them to. This is what Reilly calls “ the innocuous sound of an insect becomes a measure of time” and than becomes a “homicidal frenzy”, a psychological condition, as pointed out (Reilly, 1969).

Negativity in “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”

Basically, a man has a natural tendency for goodness but at the same time, he is likely to indulge in negative sentiments such as exacting revenge, or committing a crime as a result. It is the revenge that Montresor in “The Cask of Amontillado” imposes upon Fortunato to equal the score of vilifications. The narrator in “Tell-Tale Heart” avenges and retaliates against the elderly person as he has allegedly inflicted torture on him with the tick-tick sound coming from his heart although it is not his fault. This sound plays an important role in the committing of murder as well as the confession of the same resultant crime. Dawn B. Sova (2007), in his book, Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, highlights this fact by saying, “The narrator is …distressed by hearing the overwhelming sound of a heartbeat”, adding that following the murder, the narrator hears this ticking sound that “leads him to confess the crime” resulted from the same sound (174). It is because of this reason that Poe has used several devices including repetition, showing different sounds used to create the impression of a psychological disorder and the eventual crimes perpetrated after that.

Conclusion

To sum up, it can be said that sounds have a great role to play in Poe’s short stories, “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”. These sounds have created and intensified the element of fear and horror in situations that apparently look simple. The murder of an elderly person by an anonymous killer is an everyday incident. In this case, Poe has also made it impressive and special with his technique of narration, description, and by the use of sounds especially the sounds of the beating of the elderly man’s heart. The revenge taken by Montresor appears to be a normal criminal incident committed by a criminal. However, the sounds heard by him and uttered by Fortunato towards the end of the story and the manner of his description make the crime horrible not only for the readers but also for the writers. Therefore, the statement that Poe exploited his poetic sense of sounds in his short stories “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” for powerful effect cannot be declared wrong.

Afterthought: It is the Heading Turning Scene from the movie, The Exorcist. The sounds create a specific role in making it more terrifying, specifically the shrieks of Linda Blair and Regon, and then the creaking sounds of the sliding sofa, drawers, and the bed. The sound of the Demon also makes it terrifying and then when the scene ends, the shrieks seem echoing in the mind of the audience. Had there been no sounds, this scene would not have been as shocking and terrifying as shrieks and creaking sounds have made it (Friedkin & Batty, 1973).

References

Blatty, W. P. & Friedkin, W. (1973). The Exorcist. United States: Warner Bros.
Calanchi, A. (2015). Searching For Sounds in U.S. Literature: A Multisensorial, Multidisciplinary Project. European Scientific Journal 3: 1-12.
Poe, E. A. (2015). The Cask of Amontillado. In C. Anne (Ed.), The Story and Its Writer (6th ed., pp. 761-767). Boston: Bed Ford/ St. Martin.

———–. (2015). Tell-Tale Heart. In C. Anne (Ed.), The Story and Its Writer (6th ed., pp. 768-775). Boston: Bed Ford/ St. Martin.
Reilly, J. E. (2011). The Lesser Death-Watch and ‘The Tell-Tale Heart”. Retrieved from Edgar Allen Poe Society website on January 14, 2016.
Sova, D. B. (2007). Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York. Infobase Publishing. 174.

Relevant Questions

In “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado,” how do the authors use sounds and descriptions related to hearing to create a sense of suspense and unease in their respective stories?
What role does the auditory sense play in the development of the main characters’ paranoia and obsession in “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”?
How does the use of sound and hearing in “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” contribute to the overall atmosphere and mood of these two Edgar Allan Poe stories?

Double Entendre: A Literary Device

A double entendre, a literary device, deliberately conveys two meanings, one explicit and the other subtle or suggestive.

Etymology of Double Entendre

The term “double entendre” originates from the French language, where it literally means “double meaning.” It is a compound of “double,” meaning two, and “entendre,” meaning to understand or mean.

This term has its roots in Old French, where “entendre à deux sens” conveyed the idea of a word or phrase having two distinct interpretations or implications. It leads to its modern usage to describe a statement or expression with a dual or ambiguous meaning.

Meanings of Double Entendre

Meaning	Explanation
Ambiguous Language	A phrase or expression with multiple interpretations, often one of which is risqué or humorous.
Sexual Innuendo	A form of double entendre that implies sexual meanings in a seemingly innocent phrase.
Wordplay	Clever manipulation of language to create a double meaning or humorous effect.
Literary Device	A technique used in literature and humor to add depth and complexity to language.
Comedic Effect	Frequently used in comedy to create humor through the unexpected twist in meaning.
Subtle Humor	A form of humor that relies on the audience recognizing the dual meanings of a phrase.
Cultural Context	The interpretation of a double entendre often depends on the cultural and social context.
Artistic Expression	Employed by writers, poets, and artists to engage the audience’s imagination and wit.
Provocative Communication	Can be used to provoke thought, laughter, or even discomfort through its dual meanings.
Versatile Language Tool	A linguistic device with a wide range of applications in various forms of communication.

Double Entendre in Grammar

1. Singular Noun Usage:

“Double entendre” is treated as a singular noun in English.

2. Singular Verb:

It takes a singular verb when used in a sentence.

3. One Unit:

Despite having multiple possible meanings, it is considered as one unit.

4. Example:

For instance, “That joke has a great double entendre” is the correct form.

Definition of Double Entendre

A double entendre, a literary device, deliberately conveys two meanings, one explicit and the other subtle or suggestive. This wordplay technique is commonly used in literature, including poetry, novels, and plays, for humorous or ironic effects. Skillful use of double entendres can enhance literary works, adding depth, complexity, and a touch of intrigue for readers.

Types of Double Entendres

Type	Explanation	Example
Homophonic Double Entendre	Based on words that sound the same but have different meanings.	“I can’t bear to bear it.”
Homographic Double Entendre	Based on words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.	“She’s a light weight.”
Double Entendre as Pun	Relies on a play on words with two different meanings, often for comedic effect.	“Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.”
Sexual Double Entendre	Utilizes words or phrases with both innocent and suggestive or sexual meanings.	“That’s a juicy peach you’ve got there.”
Social Double Entendre	Draws upon cultural or social norms to convey a message or make a statement.	“He’s a real ‘player’ in the corporate world.”
Visual Double Entendre	Uses images or visual representations with multiple meanings, often in art and advertising.	An image of a young woman with both a microscope and a cocktail, symbolizing a balance between work and play.

These examples illustrate various types of double entendres, showcasing their different linguistic and contextual characteristics.

Common Examples of Double Entendres

There are many common examples of double entendres, some of which include:

“I’m reading a book on anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down.”
“I’m on a whiskey diet. I’ve lost three days already.”
“I’m a multitasker. I can listen, ignore, and forget all at the same time.”

“I told my wife she was drawing her eyebrows too high. She looked surprised.”
“I like my women like I like my coffee, hot and strong.”
“Why was the math book sad? Because it had too many problems.”

“I used to play piano by ear. Now I use my hands.”
“I’m trying to organize a hide and seek tournament, but it’s really hard to find good players.”

These examples showcase different types of double entendres, from puns to sexual innuendos, and demonstrate how they can be used for comedic effect or to add depth and complexity to language.

Examples of Double Entendres in Literature

Example	Explanation
– In Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet,” the character Mercutio says: “If love be rough with you, be rough with love; / Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down” (Act 1, Scene 4).	Mercutio’s dialogue contains a double entendre. He advises confronting love when it causes pain, while also employing “prick” as a sexual innuendo. This adds humor and tension, showcasing how language can hold both literal and suggestive meanings.
– In Oscar Wilde’s play “The Importance of Being Earnest,” the character Algernon says: “I really don’t see anything romantic in proposing…But there is nothing romantic about a definite proposal” (Act 1).	Algernon’s statement employs a double entendre. He suggests marriage proposals lack romance, but also critiques societal expectations on proposals. This showcases how language can critique norms while simultaneously conveying a humorous twist.
*– In the novel Lolita* by Vladimir Nabokov, the narrator Humbert Humbert says: “You can always count on a murderer for a fancy prose style” (Chapter 2).**	Humbert’s phrase serves as a double entendre. He claims murderers possess sophisticated writing skills, but also implies a connection between creativity and darkness. This adds complexity, emphasizing how language can convey both literal and metaphorical implications.

These examples underscore how double entendres enhance literature by infusing multiple layers of meaning, humor, and societal commentary into the narrative.